Showing posts with label H1N1 - Swine Flu. Show all posts
Showing posts with label H1N1 - Swine Flu. Show all posts

Monday, November 9, 2009

H1N1 and visiting a South Korean Hospital — Do NOT pick your nose and then hand out sterile masks!

Almost two weeks ago Julianne became very ill with flu-like symptoms. But she didn’t have a fever so we thought, perhaps wrongly (apparently a fever is NOT mandatory to have H1N1), that she probably didn’t have H1N1. A couple days later she was really sick and having some trouble breathing so we headed to the hospital.

The first contact people in the ER are two clerks behind a counter, and one to two security guards who monitor incoming patients and people. Considering the hype over H1N1 I was surprised that there wasn’t a person at the door taking everyone’s temperature as they entered the area. Instead, the security guards hand out masks to incoming people . . . but didn’t seem to be giving them to 100% of the people entering the ER area. (Also, inside the ER area I only saw about 60-70% of people wearing their masks, some incorrectly, and no one seemed to be asking the people not wearing masks to put them on.)

Since the security guards act as first contact people (after the two clerks) in the entrance of the ER they had sterile masks. Some of them wore them correctly, while others wore them around their neck with the nose and mouth uncovered . . .

Considering the fact that a security guard comes into contact with EVERY PERSON entering the ER I was rather disgusted with the guards not wearing their masks. If they did have H1N1 they could be infecting patients and visitors to the ER . . .

Anyways, more on this after I continue the story . . .

Julianne gave her alien registration card, national health insurance booklet, and hospital info card to the two clerks at the desk who then waved us through to the ER doors where the security guards pass out masks. We were handed masks and then walked through to the open treatment area (open as in there are no private rooms or wall dividers between each area and everyone sees everything that is taking place while you talk to your doctor–there are curtains but they are rarely pulled around the patient).

Before seeing a doctor Julianne was seated in the hallway where a nurse with excellent English asked her some preliminary questions. But when she tried to call up Julianne’s registration file on her computer we found out that the clerk at the front desk had failed to sign Julianne into the hospital as a patient–uhm, hello patient in-take procedures? I wonder why he didn’t enter her into the system . . . the nurse looked puzzled and did what should have been done earlier.

It was around this point that another nurse walked up and asked me to sign the ‘friend/family responsibility for patient form’ that you must sign if you’re the person coming in with a patient. It says things like: take care of personal belongings, be with the patient at all times, and other things along those lines.

Anyways, Julianne was having a hard time breathing and when the nurse found this out she hooked her up to a heart rate and blood pressure monitor . . . . . . .

Click on the link below to see pictures and read more at Kimchi Icecream: The Second Serving . . . . I've moved over to wordpress.com and will be blogging there from now on.

H1N1 and visiting a South Korean Hospital — Do NOT pick your nose and then hand out sterile masks!

J

Thursday, June 11, 2009

WHO 'declares swine flu pandemic'

I was expecting this and thought it would happen sooner . . . WHO 'declares swine flu pandemic' (from the BBC website).

"Hong Kong said it was closing all its nurseries and primary schools for two weeks following 12 school cases."

If they actually do this in Korea I'll fall over dead from the shock . . . . lol.

"One factor which may have prompted the move to a level six pandemic was that in the southern hemisphere, the virus seems to be crowding out normal seasonal influenza."

Flu season in Korea is going to be VERY 'interesting' this year . . .

"WHO spokesman Gregory Hartl said it had been expecting something more like the deadlier bird flu.

"It was believed that the next pandemic would be something like H5N1 bird flu, where you were seeing really high death rates, and so there were people who believed we might be in a kind of apocalyptic situation and what we're really seeing now with H1N1 is that in most cases the disease is self-limiting," he told the BBC."

Uhm . . . I guess the up-side of the H1N1 virus being less lethal is that it's giving countries a chance to wake up and make some needed changes . . . if they are paying attention that is.

"Flu expert Professor John Oxford, said people should not panic as the outbreak was milder than others seen in the past century."

I wonder if Professor Oxford could come to Korea and educate the Korean media about this kind of thing . . . and also point out that it's not only foreigners who get H1N1.

J

Sunday, May 31, 2009

Quarantined English Teachers in South Korea -- FREEDOM! For some of them anyway--don't forget the ones still in isolation.

Some of the quarantined English teachers in South Korea have finally been released.

An English Teacher Under Quarantine in South Korea writes about it . . .

Day Eight: Hasta La Vista!

Day Eight: Coda & Credits

UPDATE: Ruby Ramblings is out of quarantine--see the post, We’re free, and confused.

Due to An English Teacher Under Quarantine in South Korea's--a.k.a. "Lando"-- mature and professional attitude he removed all pictures of himself to help his hogwan deal with the negative image problem it's been having due to the misinformation and xenophobia that are a part of the Swine Flu experience in Korea.

Choosing Lando Calrissian as his avatar--how cool is that?


I learned a lot about who "Lando" is through the writing on his blog and some email correspondence. He's a survivor and his sense of humor as a coping strategy and stress reducing strategy illuminate some of the key character traits you have to have to live and teach in Korea.

From the start of the quarantine where the medical staff screwed up by allowing the detained teachers to socialize with each other, not replacing their one day use masks every day with new ones, not reviewing with them how to wash their hands properly when taking off and putting on their masks, not reviewing information about the Swine Flu with them until days later, moving people into different rooms without decontaminating the rooms first and putting in new sheets, lack of hygiene maintenance in the washrooms (refilling paper tower dispensers for example), not decontaminating the ear thermometer as it moved from room to room, no gloves on medical staff at the beginning, not removing garbage and recycling that quickly piled up due to it being bio-hazardous waste, introducing new quarantined teachers into the population of already existing teachers thereby renewing their risk of exposure, not checking gifts and care packages coming into the facility for booze, cigarettes, and other contraband that put the quarantine back two paces for every day it moved forward . . . these things and more were overcome by the foreign teachers in quarantine--and I'm pretty sure that "Lando's" sense of humour helped the other people he was with too.

All of this bad stuff being said "Lando" reassures people that "the medical staff, they really pulled through and turned a tough situation into a great experience. I think everyone learned a lot in those first few days and once things got settled everyone was on the same team. Dr. Lee and the others were top rate, always taking time to answer our questions and make us feel at home."

I don't know if Ruby Ramblings is free and out of quarantine, but I do know that Sparkling Chaos with Brian Dear is out of quarantine and more importantly Just got out.. of a "high-security military facility" where he was treated professionally by highly competent nurses and medical staff. It's good to know that once you are officially diagnosed with Swine Flu that the facilities and staff are top notch--thanks Brian.

I'm not sure how many English teachers are still in quarantine . . . I'm going to try and find out and later post links and/or the info itself.

Roboseyo and Ratemyhogwan and BrianinJeollonamdo have been a part of the group sending in care packages to the quarantined teachers (for example, here and here) so let's not forget the people still in isolation, and if you're able to send something to them they'd really appreciate it.

You can read about how Rob from Roboseyo actually went with people to drop off care packages in his post called, Care Package at the Quarantine.

It looks like the most recent organizing post for where and how to send care packages is here from Ratemyhogwan.

BrianinJeollonamdo usually has the most comprehensive updates and links about the quarantined teachers situation. See here for an example of his latest update.

Here's hoping the situation diminishes and nobody else is quarantined.

J

Tuesday, May 26, 2009

Bought 3M Hand Instant Sanitizer tonight . . . OH MY GOD! Foreign English Teacher spending his birthday in quarantine for Swine Flu???!

Tonight Julianne and I picked up some hand sanitizer at Emart. We are pretty good about washing our hands regularly but wanted something more portable.

Press play to begin the soundtrack . . . and then press play on the next video.



Behold . . . I give to you,

3M Hand Instant Sanitizer



At 10,000 won a bottle it's expensive but even the pharmacist recommended this over the bottle of Korean stuff she pulled out when we asked to see what they had.

I guess the next purchase will be N95 masks . . .

From wikipedia's entry on Respirator,


N95 Filters at least 95% of airborne particles

The most common of these is the disposable white N95 variety. The entire unit is discarded after some extended period or a single use, depending on the contaminant. Filter masks also come in replaceable-cartridge, multiple-use models. Typically one or two cartridges attach securely to a mask which has built into it a corresponding number of valves for inhalation and one for exhalation.

Now my only problem is choosing how to decorate it like An English Teacher Under Quarantine in South Korea . . .

I just opened up his blog to see if anything new has been posted . . .

Oh -- my -- god! It's his 30th birthday today!

From An English Teacher Under Quarantine in South Korea,

"So my awesome friends and fellow quarantinees (sp?) made me an awesome crown/hat/tribal mask thingy for my 30th birthday today. It’s made of cans, masks, plastic bottles, toilet paper, and a whole lotta love!

Spending my 30th birthday In Quarantine in Korea ranks up there around about the Rings of Saturn or Heaven, as places I never thought I’d be at this time, however I’m lucky to be around such an awesome group of people!"

EVERYBODY, and I mean EVERYBODY--go and wish him a happy birthday by emailing him at aavanwey@gmail.com

I'm gonna go do that right now.

J


Monday, May 25, 2009

Some more questions for the quarantined foreign Englsih teachers in South Korea -- Gotta help them pass the time somehow . . .

I emailed some more questions to help the quarantined teachers stave off 'the boredom, the boredom' of being locked down in their rooms . . .

1) Have you developed any kind of a friendship with any of the medical staff you see regularly? How do you get along with them? What kind of personalities do they have? Do they speak to you much?

2) What is the funniest thing that has happened to you so far?

3) What is the strangest thing that has happened to you so far?

4) What kind of food would you kill for right now? Why?

5) Are there any acronyms, or H1N1 lingo/neologisms you/the group has coined during your experience so far?

6) What has been the hardest moment for you to deal with so far?

7) Have your views about diseases and viruses changed? If so, how? Why?

8) How have your friends and families back home been doing with your situation?

9) What is the first thing you want to do once you're out of quarantine? Why?

10) How have you been sleeping at night? Any dreams you'd like to share?

Answers are in the process of being written . . .

J

Quarantined Foreign English teacher Sparkling Chaos video tour of the quarantine situation in South Korea

Sparkling Chaos video tour of the quarantine situation in South Korea . . .

Still trying to get it to work though . . . I'm missing plug-ins?

Update: Use Internet Explorer--Mozilla doesn't like the video.
J

Quarantined English teacher Sparkling Chaos -- "Korean Centers for Disease Control just went from room to room posting our names and our “zero-times.”

Another quarantined foreign English teacher is blogging about his experience at Sparkling Chaos with Brian Dear.

He left a comment on my post, "Some info from one of the American English teachers qurantined for Swine Flu in South Korea"

"They're testing some of us using throat swabs. I for onr have been given Tamiflu.. no tylenol is allowed because it "masks symptoms," according to the medical people here. I'm blogging too: web.me.com/superacidjax.. within the next hour, I'm posting a brief video tour of our holding area."

His most recent post, Release 7 Days, describes how,

"The doctors and “Blue Vests” from the Korean Centers for Disease Control just went from room to room posting our names and our “zero-times.” Basically, if, after 7 days from the time listed on our door, we are not showing symptoms, we’ll be released from Quarantine."

Another post, Tamiflu and a View, is nuts because I can't imagine first time in Korea newbies having to deal with being quarantined as their initial introduction to Korean culture!

"The Koreans have their hands full with this quarantine, we're apparently the first type of mass quarantine they've handled so the last thing they want is to add to this group. Many of the group are first-timers to Korea, so it's pretty funny how freaked out they get over normal "Korean" stuff (doctors not communicating, etc.) It actually isn't bad at all (except that I'm sick..)" (my bold, my italics)

Brian describes how the doctors are testing him for H1N1,

"I just got my H1N1 test completed a few hours ago. A long set of swabs stuck deep in my throat . . . " read the rest of the post here.

Brian's first entry on his experience, Quarantined!, is very interesting. Here's an excerpt,

". . . I thought I might have escaped detection, but alas, yesterday afternoon, I received a call from my school director informing me that the Korean Centers for Disease Control were very interested in my whereabouts. I had about ten minutes of warning before I was collected from my hotel and shipped off to the quarantine party. The “undisclosed location” is the Seoul Human Resources headquarters. It’s a lovely spot, surrounded by mountains, about a half of mile from the main road, access restricted through two police checkpoints. Apparently, we’re kind of a big deal . . . "

From what I've read of Sparkling Chaos it looks like a blog I'll be reading more regularly from now on--thanks for leaving your comment Brian, and I look forward to reading more stories in spite of the crap situation that is producing them.

I hope you feel better soon Brian, and that you get out and return to your job without any more complications.

J

Sunday, May 24, 2009

WHO Patient Care Checklist for New Influenza A (H1N1) -- I almost wish I hadn't read this . . .

Did some more reading on the WHO site, and found a patient care checklist.
J

"This checklist is intended for use by hospital staff treating anyone with a medically suspected or confirmed case of new influenza." (my bold, my italics)

Patient Care Checklist
New influenza A (H1N1) 15 May 2009


This checklist is intended for use by hospital staff treating anyone with a medically suspected or confirmed case of new influenza

A (H1N1) per local definition. This checklist highlights areas of care critical for the management of new influenza A (H1N1).

It is not intended to replace routine care.

UPON ARRIVAL TO CLINICAL SETTING/TRIAGE
Direct patient with flu-like symptoms to designated waiting area. Provide instruction and materials to patient on respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette. Put medical/surgical mask on patient if available and tolerable to patient.

UPON INITIAL ASSESSMENT
Record respiratory rate over one full minute and oxygen saturation if possible. If respiratory rate is high or oxygen saturation is below 90% alert senior care staff for action. Record history, including flu-like symptoms, date of onset, travel, contact with people who have flu-like symptoms, co-morbidities.

Consider specialized diagnostic tests (e.g. RT-PCR). Use medical/surgical mask, eye protection, gloves when taking respiratory samples. Label specimen correctly and send as per local regulations with biohazard precautions. Consider alternative or additional diagnoses. Report suspected case to local authority

INITIAL AND ONGOING PATIENT MANAGEMENT
Supportive therapy for new influenza A (H1N1) patient as for any influenza patient including:
Give oxygen to maintain oxygen saturation above 90% or if respiratory rate is elevated (when oxygen saturation monitor not available). Give paracetamol/acetaminophen if considering an
antipyretic for patients less than 18 years old Give appropriate antibiotic if evidence of secondary bacterial infection (e.g. pneumonia). Consider alternative or additional diagnoses
Decide on need for antivirals* (oseltamivir or zanamivir), considering contra-indications and drug interactions

BEFORE PATIENT TRANSPORT/TRANSFER
Put medical/surgical mask on patient if available and tolerable to patient.

BEFORE EVERY PATIENT CONTACT
Put on medical/surgical mask. Clean hands Put on eye protection, gown and gloves if there is
risk of exposure to body fluids/splashes. Change gloves (if applicable) and clean hands between patients. Clean and disinfect personal/dedicated patient equipment between patients.

IF USING AEROSOL-GENERATING PROCEDURES
ALSO (e.g. intubation, bronchoscopy, CPR, suction). Allow entry of essential staff only. Put on gown. Put on particulate respirator (e.g. EU FFP2, US NIOSH-certified N95) if available. Put on eye protection, and then put on gloves. Perform planned procedure in an adequately ventilated room.

BEFORE PATIENT ENTRY TO DESIGNATED AREA
(isolation room or cohort)
Post restricted entry and infection control signs. Provide dedicated patient equipment if available. Ensure at least 1 metre (3.3 feet) between patients in cohort area. Ensure local protocol for frequent linen and surface cleaning in place.

BEFORE ENTERING DESIGNATED AREA
(isolation room or cohort) STAFF AND VISITORS
Put on medical/surgical mask. Clean hands.

BEFORE LEAVING DESIGNATED AREA
(isolation room or cohort) STAFF AND VISITORS
Remove any personal protective equipment (gloves, gown, mask, eye protection). Dispose of disposable items as per local protocol. Clean hands. Clean and disinfect dedicated patient equipment and personal equipment that has been in contact with patient. Dispose of viral-contaminated waste as clinical waste.

BEFORE DISCHARGE OF CONFIRMED OR
SUSPECTED CASE
Provide instruction and materials to patient/caregiver on respiratory hygiene/cough etiquette
Provide advice on home isolation, infection control and limiting social contact. Record patient address and telephone number.

AFTER DISCHARGE
Dispose of or clean and disinfect dedicated patient equipment as per local protocol. Change and launder linen without shaking. Clean surfaces as per local protocol. Dispose of viral-contaminated waste as clinical waste.

This checklist is intended for use by hospital staff treating anyone with a medically suspected or confirmed case of new influenza.

A (H1N1) per local definition. This checklist highlights areas of care critical for the management of new influenza A (H1N1).

It is not intended to replace routine care.

See WHO website (www.who.int) for latest version.

* See instruction page for additional information on terms used.
Equipment on this checklist is recommended if available.

This checklist is not intended to be comprehensive.

Additions and modifications to fit local practice are encouraged.

ABOUT THIS CHECKLIST
The WHO Patient Care Checklist: new influenza A (H1N1) is intended for use by hospital staff treating a patient with a medically suspected or confirmed case of new influenza A (H1N1). This checklist combines two aspects of care: i) clinical management of the individual patient and ii) infection control measures to limit the spread of new influenza A (H1N1).

WHO Patient Safety Checklists are practical and easy-to-use tools that highlight critical actions to be taken at vulnerable moments of care. They are produced in a format that can be referred to readily and repeatedly by staff to help ensure that all essential actions are performed. WHO Patient Safety Checklists are not comprehensive protocols and are not intended to replace routine care.

How to use the checklist
Staff can use checklists at the moment of care to ensure that no critical items are missed, or immediately following delivery of care to confirm that all essential steps were carried out.

“Ticking the box” is not essential for checklist use and may not be practical or desirable for some sections (e.g. ‘Before every patient contact’). The means of displaying and using the checklist can be determined by individual facilities. The checklist may form part of the patient’s clinical record. It may also be reproduced as wall posters, or on cards for staff members to carry with them. Facilities may wish to extract specific parts of the checklist for use in each of these formats.

This checklist does not replace clinical guidance or clinical judgment. Its users should also familiarize themselves with the relevant WHO guidance documents referenced below, which were used in the development of the checklist.

Local modification
The WHO Patient Care Checklist: new influenza A (H1N1) may be reformatted, reordered or revised to accommodate local practice while ensuring completion of the critical steps in an efficient manner. Facilities and individuals are cautioned, however, against making the checklist unmanageably complex.

Related guidance
Guidance relating to infection control:
Infection prevention and control in health care in providing care for confirmed or suspected A (H1N1) swine influenza patients Interim guidance (Publication date: 29 April 2009) http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/infection_control/en/index.html
Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute respiratory diseases in health care.

WHO InterimGuidelines (Publication date: June 2007)
http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CD_EPR_2007_6/en/

Guidance relating to clinical management:

Clinical management of human infection with avian influenza A (H1N1) virus
(Publication planned) see http://www.who.int/
*Currently there are a lack of data on the clinical effectiveness of antivirals for this disease. Antiviral drugs are to be used according to national pandemic influenza preparedness plans. If antivirals are prescribed, oseltamivir or zanamivir should be used for influenza A (H1N1) patients because of increased risk of the resistance with other antivirals. Where antiviral
drugs are available for treatment, clinicians should make decisions based on assessment of the individual patient’s risk.

Risks versus benefits should also be evaluated on a case-by-case basis. Such guidance may be updated as the situation evolves. For the most up-to-date guidance on the checklist and other
documents, refer to the WHO web site (www.who.int)

GLOSSARY OF SELECTED CHECKLIST TERMS
Clean hands: Hands can be cleaned either by handwashing with soap and water or by handrubbing with an alcohol-based handrub formulation. The preferred technique while caring for suspected or confirmed cases of new influenza A (H1N1) is handrubbing, unless hands are visibly soiled. Hands must be cleaned at five key moments: 1) before touching a patient; 2) before clean/aseptic procedure; 3) after body fluid exposure risk; 4) after touching a patient; and 5) after touching patient surroundings.

Designated area (isolation room / cohort): The placing of patients either colonized or infected with the same pathogen in one designated area. It is specifically used when single or isolation rooms are not available. It allows for identified health-care workers to provide care to these specific patients with the aim of trying to prevent spread of infection to others. Patients with confirmed infection should ideally be in a separate cohort to those with suspected infection.
Cough etiquette: Health-care workers, patients and family members should cover mouth and nose (e.g. with a tissue) when coughing or sneezing. If a tissue is used, discard it in a bin with a lid and then clean hands. Cough etiquette should be communicated to patients through posters and leaflets.

Separate waiting area: Waiting area for symptomatic persons should be separate from general waiting area. This can be a separate part of the general waiting area as long as there is at least one metre (3.3 feet) distance between the designated area and the regular waiting area. Maintain at least one metre between symptomatic patients within this designated area.

Eye protection: This can either be an eye visor, goggles, or a face shield. Conventional eye glasses are not designed to protect against splashes to eye mucosa and should not be used as eye protection.

Flu-like symptoms: fever, cough, headache, muscle and joint pain, sore throat, runny nose, and sometimes vomiting and
diarrhoea.

Gown: A clean, non-sterile long-sleeved gown.

Infection control guidance to patient/caregiver on discharge: If patient still symptomatic or if patient less than one year old (Patients less than one year old may continue to be infectious for three weeks after cessation of symptoms):
• Patient quarantined: the sick person should be placed in a separate room and should have limited social contact.
• Instruction on cough etiquette.
• All persons in the household should perform hand hygiene frequently and after every contact with the sick person.
• The caregiver should wear the best available protection to prevent exposure to respiratory secretions, and avoid contact with body fluids or contaminated items; minimize close (less than 1 metre) and face-to-face contact with the patient; perform hand hygiene when indicated.
Medical/surgical masks: procedure or surgical masks to protect the wearer’s nose and mouth from inadvertent exposures (e.g. splashes).

Particulate respirator: A special type of fit-tested mask with the capacity to filter particles to protect against inhaling infectious aerosols (e.g. EU FFP2 and US NIOSH-certified N95).
Respiratory hygiene: See cough etiquette

CHECKLIST DEVELOPMENT PROCESS

RESPIRATORY RATE

(reference for high values):
AGE RESPIRATORY
RATE
<2 months ≥60/minute
2–11 months ≥50/minute
1–5 years ≥40/minute
>5–12 years ≥30/minute
≥13 years ≥20/minute

In response to the pandemic threat by a new influenza A (H1N1) strain, the checklist development process began on 30 April 2009. The checklist development group in the WHO Patient Safety Programme collaborated with technical experts in WHO Health Security and Environment. They consulted experts in three areas: i) infection control, ii) clinical management of pandemic-prone Influenza, and iii) health care checklists.

The design and content of the checklist were developed iteratively through successive rounds of consultation. Clinical teams in a number of settings tested its clarity and usability. Its use in clinical practice will be the subject of ongoing evaluation.

Swine Flu Quarantined English teachers in South Korea -- Do you know what you need to about H1N1 prevention?

I've been emailing back and forth a bit with one of the American English teachers in quarantine. I just sent them some info I found on the WHO website about H1N1.

I get the impression that there have been no instructions given by the medical staff in the quarantine center about proper use of the N95 masks that the teachers have been told, "wear the mask 24/7" . . . that's all they're hearing.

But here's the problem,

Using a mask incorrectly however, may actually increase the risk of transmission, rather than reduce it. If masks are to be used, this measure should be combined with other general measures to help prevent the human-to-human transmission of influenza, training on the correct use of masks and consideration of cultural and personal values.

(from the WHO website)


And more specifically,


The following information on correct use of masks derives from the practices in

health-care settings4:

place mask carefully to cover mouth and nose and tie securely to minimize any gaps

between the face and the mask

while in use, avoid touching the mask

whenever you touch a used mask, for example when removing or washing, clean

hands by washing with soap and water or using an alcohol-based handrub

replace masks with a new clean, dry mask as soon as they become damp/humid

do not re-use single-use masks

discard single-use masks after each use and dispose of them immediately upon

removing.

(from the WHO website)


If the medical staff are not giving the detained teachers the correct information about how to use their masks, and reviewing the specific hand washing procedure the WHO says is critical to make mask use effective . . . do they themselves even know about the procedures?


The following info (below) is from the WHO website. Misinformation is going to be one of the other major problems foreign teachers are going to face as this virus increases its presence in Korea.


The information below is from the WHO website. There's a lot of info on the H1N1 related pages, so I've put some of the more relevant info here (take this with a grain of salt as I am NOT a doctor) in order to save people time if they're too busy to read through all the stuff at the site itself.


I'm hoping we all hear some positive news from the quarantined teachers soon. They've been told they're not allowed to smoke, and are supposed to stay indoors at all times . . . needless to say the smokers are not having a good time, and . . . the indoor thing has been . . . 'taken under advisement,' lol.


J


Here's the latest update on the WHO site,


Influenza A(H1N1) - update 37

23 May 2009 -- As of 06:00 GMT, 23 May 2009, 43 countries have officially reported 12 022 cases of influenza A(H1N1) infection, including 86 deaths.

The breakdown of the number of laboratory-confirmed cases by country is given in the following table and map.

Map of the spread of Influenza A(H1N1): number of laboratory confirmed cases and deaths [jpg 492kb]
As of 08:00 GMT, 23 May 2009

Laboratory-confirmed cases of new influenza A(H1N1) as officially reported to WHO by States Parties to the International Health Regulations (2005)



About the disease

1 May 2009

How do people become infected with influenza A(H1N1)?

Outbreaks in humans are now occurring from human-to-human transmission. When infected people cough or sneeze, infected droplets get on their hands, drop onto surfaces, or are dispersed into the air. Another person can breathe in contaminated air, or touch infected hands or surfaces, and be exposed. To prevent spread, people should cover their mouth and nose with a tissue when coughing, and wash their hands regularly.

What are the signs and symptoms of infection?

Early signs of influenza A(H1N1) are flu-like, including fever, cough, headache, muscle and joint pain, sore throat and runny nose, and sometimes vomiting or diarrhoea.

Regarding study of the first outbreak, have you received any feedback from the WHO team sent to Mexico to investigate the outbreak?

Teams are already sending epidemiological evidence but we will know more over the next few days.

Is there any confirmation of transmission between pigs and humans at this point?

No.

Is there any information on the economic impact of the outbreak so far?

No.

Why are we so worried about this pandemic possibility when thousands die every year from seasonal epidemics?

Seasonal epidemics occur every year and we are able to treat the virus with seasonal vaccines. A pandemic is a worldwide epidemic. It is a new virus and one to which the populations will have no immunity.

Related link

Influenza (seasonal) fact sheet


Advice on the use of masks1 in the community setting in

Influenza A (H1N1) outbreaks

Interim guidance

3 May 2009

This document provides interim guidance on the use of masks in communities that have

reported community-level outbreaks caused by the new Influenza A(H1N1) virus. It will be

revised as more data become available.

Background

At present, evidence suggests that the main route of human-to-human transmission of the new

Influenza A (H1N1) virus is via respiratory droplets, which are expelled by speaking, sneezing or

coughing.

Any person who is in close contact (approximately 1 metre) with someone who has influenza-like

symptoms (fever, sneezing, coughing, running nose, chills, muscle ache etc) is at risk of being

exposed to potentially infective respiratory droplets.

In health-care settings, studies evaluating measures to reduce the spread of respiratory viruses

suggest that the use of masks could reduce the transmission of influenza.2 Advice on the use of

masks in health-care settings is accompanied by information on additional measures that may

have impact on its effectiveness, such as training on correct use, regular supplies and proper

disposal facilities. In the community, however, the benefits of wearing masks has not been

established, especially in open areas, as opposed to enclosed spaces while in close contact with

a person with influenza-like symptoms.

Nonetheless, many individuals may wish to wear masks in the home or community setting,

particularly if they are in close contact with a person with influenza-like symptoms, for example

while providing care to family members. Furthermore, using a mask can enable an individual

with influenza-like symptoms to cover their mouth and nose to help contain respiratory droplets,

a measure that is part of cough etiquette.

Using a mask incorrectly however, may actually increase the risk of transmission, rather

than reduce it. If masks are to be used, this measure should be combined with other

general measures to help prevent the human-to-human transmission of influenza, training

on the correct use of masks and consideration of cultural and personal values.

1 The term “mask” is used here to include home-made or improvised masks, dust masks and surgical masks (sometimes called

“medical masks”). Masks have several designs. They are often single use and labelled as either surgical, dental, medical procedure,

isolation, dust or laser masks. Masks frequently used outside health-care settings may also be made out of cloth, or paper or similar

material. Masks, names and standards differ among countries.

2 Jefferson T, Foxlee R, Del Mar C et al. Physical interventions to interrupt or reduce the spread of respiratory viruses: systematic

review. BMJ 2008; 336;77-80.

2

General advice

It is important to remember that in the community setting the following general measures

may be more important than wearing a mask in preventing the spread of influenza.

For individuals who are well:

Maintain distance of at least 1 metre from any individual with influenza-like symptoms, and:

refrain from touching mouth and nose;

perform hand hygiene frequently, by washing with soap and water or using an alcoholbased

handrub 3 , especially if touching the mouth and nose and surfaces that are

potentially contaminated;

reduce as much as possible the time spent in close contact with people who might be ill;

reduce as much as possible the time spent in crowded settings;

improve airflow in your living space by opening windows as much as possible.

For individuals with influenza-like symptoms:

stay at home if you feel unwell and follow the local public health recommendations;

keep distance from well individuals as much as possible (at least 1 metre);

cover your mouth and nose when coughing or sneezing, with tissues or other suitable

materials, to contain respiratory secretions. Dispose of the material immediately after use

or wash it. Clean hands immediately after contact with respiratory secretions!

improve airflow in your living space by opening windows as much as possible.

If masks are worn, proper use and disposal is essential to ensure they are potentially

effective and to avoid any increase in risk of transmission associated with the incorrect

use of masks. The following information on correct use of masks derives from the practices in

health-care settings4:

place mask carefully to cover mouth and nose and tie securely to minimise any gaps

between the face and the mask

while in use, avoid touching the mask

whenever you touch a used mask, for example when removing or washing, clean

hands by washing with soap and water or using an alcohol-based handrub

replace masks with a new clean, dry mask as soon as they become damp/humid

do not re-use single-use masks

discard single-use masks after each use and dispose of them immediately upon

removing.

Although some alternative barriers to standard medical masks are frequently used (e.g. cloth

mask, scarf, paper masks, rags tied over the nose and mouth), there is insufficient information

available on their effectiveness. If such alternative barriers are used, they should only be used

once or, in the case of cloth masks, should be cleaned thoroughly between each use (i.e. wash

with normal household detergent at normal temperature). They should be removed immediately

after caring for the ill. Hands should be washed immediately after removal of the mask.

3 In settings where alcohol-based hand rubs are available and the safety concerns (such as fire hazards and accidental ingestion)

are adequately addressed, their proper use (rubbing hands for 20–30 seconds) could be promoted as a means of disinfection.

4 Infection prevention and control of epidemic- and pandemic-prone acute respiratory diseases in health care WHO Interim

Guidelines (Jul 2007) available at http://www.who.int/csr/resources/publications/WHO_CD_EPR_2007_6/en/index.html


http://www.who.int/gpsc/5may/How_To_HandWash_Poster.pdf


What can I do?

6 May 2009 (updating content posted 1 May 2009)

What can I do to protect myself from catching influenza A(H1N1)?

The main route of transmission of the new influenza A(H1N1) virus seems to be similar to seasonal influenza, via droplets that are expelled by speaking, sneezing or coughing. You can prevent getting infected by avoiding close contact with people who show influenza-like symptoms (trying to maintain a distance of about 1 metre if possible) and taking the following measures:

  • avoid touching your mouth and nose;
  • clean hands thoroughly with soap and water, or cleanse them with an alcohol-based hand rub on a regular basis (especially if touching the mouth and nose, or surfaces that are potentially contaminated);
  • avoid close contact with people who might be ill;
  • reduce the time spent in crowded settings if possible;
  • improve airflow in your living space by opening windows;
  • practise good health habits including adequate sleep, eating nutritious food, and keeping physically active.

What about using a mask? What does WHO recommend?

If you are not sick you do not have to wear a mask.

If you are caring for a sick person, you can wear a mask when you are in close contact with the ill person and dispose of it immediately after contact, and cleanse your hands thoroughly afterwards.

When and how to use a mask?

If you are sick and must travel or be around others, cover your mouth and nose.

Using a mask correctly in all situations is essential. Incorrect use actually increases the chance of spreading infection.

How do I know if I have influenza A(H1N1)?

You will not be able to tell the difference between seasonal flu and influenza A(H1N1) without medical help. Typical symptoms to watch for are similar to seasonal viruses and include fever, cough, headache, body aches, sore throat and runny nose. Only your medical practitioner and local health authority can confirm a case of influenza A(H1N1).

What should I do if I think I have the illness?

If you feel unwell, have high fever, cough or sore throat:

  • stay at home and keep away from work, school or crowds;
  • rest and take plenty of fluids;
  • cover your nose and mouth when coughing and sneezing and, if using tissues, make sure you dispose of them carefully. Clean your hands immediately after with soap and water or cleanse them with an alcohol-based hand rub;
  • if you do not have a tissue close by when you cough or sneeze, cover your mouth as much as possible with the crook of your elbow;
  • use a mask to help you contain the spread of droplets when you are around others, but be sure to do so correctly;
  • inform family and friends about your illness and try to avoid contact with other people;
  • If possible, contact a health professional before traveling to a health facility to discuss whether a medical examination is necessary.

What should I do if I need medical attention?

  • If possible, contact your health care provider before traveling to a health facility, and report your symptoms. Explain why you think you have influenza A (H1N1) (e.g. if you have recently traveled to a country where there is an outbreak in people). Follow the advice given to you.
  • If you cannot contact your health care provider before traveling to a health facility, tell a health care worker of your suspicion of infection immediately after arrival at the clinic or hospital.
  • Cover your nose and mouth during travel.

Should I go to work if I have the flu but am feeling OK?

No. Whether you have influenza A(H1N1) or a seasonal influenza, you should stay home and away from work through the duration of your symptoms. This is a precaution that can protect your work colleagues and others.

Can I travel?

If you are feeling unwell or have symptoms of influenza, you should not travel. If you have any doubts about your health, you should check with your health care provider.

More on WHO travel recommendations


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REGIONAL INFORMATION ON INFLUENZA A(H1N1)

WHO African Region

WHO Region of the Americas

WHO Eastern Mediterranean Region

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MORE INFORMATION

Related links

Pandemic influenza prevention and mitigation in low

resource communities

This summary guidance is derived from the WHO document Pandemic influenza preparedness and

mitigation in refugee and displaced populations: WHO guidelines for humanitarian agencies, Second

edition, 2008

Key principles

1. Public health measures taken by individuals and communities, such as social distancing,

respiratory etiquette, hand hygiene, and household ventilation, are at present the most

feasible measures available to reduce or delay disease (morbidity) caused by pandemic

influenza.

2. In the case of mild illness, patients should be provided with supportive care at home by a

designated caregiver and only referred to health care facilities if they deteriorate or

develop danger signs. Separation of sick from well individuals, with rigorous respiratory

etiquette and hygiene measures should be practised.

3. In health-care settings, a system of triage, patient separation, prioritization of use of

antiviral medicines and personal protective equipment (PPE) according to risk of

exposure, and patient management should be in place to focus efforts on the most

effective interventions to reduce mortality and any further morbidity.

1. Key prevention measures for individuals and communities

Social distancing (keeping at least an arm's length distance from others, minimizing gatherings),

respiratory etiquette (covering coughs and sneezes), hand hygiene, and household ventilation,

are likely to be the most effective public health measures and are highly recommended.

Once cases of pandemic influenza in a community are widespread, evidence and experience

suggest that interventions to isolate patients and quarantine contacts would probably be ineffective,

not a good use of limited health resources, and socially disruptive.

Ill people should as far as possible be cared for at home by a designated caregiver (with appropriate

home-care instructions communicated in advance) and advised not to attend health-care facilities

unless they deteriorate or develop danger signs so as not to overwhelm health facilities (see

guidance note below). Supportive care entails bed rest, fluids, medication for fever, antibiotics if

prescribed, and good nutrition.

WHO recommends that mask use should be based on risk, including frequency of exposure and

closeness of contact with potentially infectious people. Recommendations for mask use by health

and other essential staff, and for home care are described in parts 2 and 3 below. Routine mask use

in public places should be permitted but is not expected to have an impact on disease prevention.

2. Management of patients

The objectives of patient management are to provide supportive health care to decrease

mortality and to minimize disease transmission.

2

Given limited resources, it will be necessary to triage patients for treatment during a

pandemic to maximize the impact of available treatment capacity.

Essential medical services should be continued, while elective and non-essential medical

services should be temporarily suspended.

Patients are most likely to be managed in two distinct settings: in the health-care facility

and at home.

Patient management in the health-care facility

_ Admission criteria may change depending on bed availability, but should be reserved for

severe cases most likely to benefit from treatment.

_ For milder cases presenting to the outpatients department, a caregiver, preferably an

available family member, should be identified if possible to manage care of the ill patient

in the home if the patient is being discharged.

_ Health facilities should anticipate a very high demand for treatment with supportive care,

and should plan accordingly. Based on current estimates, agencies should anticipate that

up to 10% of those who fall ill may require inpatient treatment. In a population of 10 000,

this could mean 500–600 persons requiring inpatient care for influenza alone over a

period of 2–3 months, or approximately 6–10 patients per day. These figures are an

average to assist calculations. Note that the number of patients affected per week may

not be constant over the pandemic period: it is likely that there will be increasing numbers

affected per week, reaching a peak in the middle of the pandemic (weeks 4–8) with

decreasing numbers thereafter.

Ensure:

_ separation of patients with respiratory symptoms from those presenting with other

symptoms at both the outpatient and inpatient level;

_ availability of admission and discharge criteria (these may change depending on

treatment capacity);

_ availability of case-management protocols;

_ referral protocol, if feasible (with appropriate infection control during the transfer);

_ confinement in a separate respiratory ward for patients admitted with suspected

pandemic influenza;

_ maximum separation of beds and head-to-toe positioning of patients in inpatient wards if

space is limited;

_ good ventilation of outpatient and inpatient areas;

_ adherence to Standard and Droplet Precautions;

_ use of PPE according to risk of exposure.

Inpatient treatment in low resource settings should include:

_ treatment of dehydration with IV or oral rehydration fluids;

_ supplemental oxygen therapy (if available) by face mask rather than nasal prongs;

_ antibiotics (oral or parenteral) for secondary bacterial infections;

_ non-aspirin antipyretics for pain and fever;

_ nutritional supplementation as needed.

3

Note: in HIV-infected individuals, a distinction between opportunistic pneumonia and secondary

pneumonia from pandemic influenza may be difficult.

Antiviral medicines decrease the duration of virus excretion and the severity of illness when

used for treatment of ill patients, and may also prevent illness when used for prophylaxis. If

only limited quantities are available, prioritization of use should be in place according to

national protocol.

In general, the order of priority for antiviral use should be:

_ treatment of sick health-care and other essential staff;

_ treatment of sick individuals from the community;

_ post-exposure prophylaxis for essential staff with unprotected, high-risk exposure;

_ pre-exposure prophylaxis for critical staff with anticipated high-risk exposure.

.

Patient management at home

_ During a pandemic, very high numbers of patients presenting to the health-care facility

will necessitate home treatment. Trusted community leaders should be identified in

advance for crowd control at the health-care facility and to address concerns among

health-seekers and their caregivers.

_ Ill people not exhibiting severe symptoms and signs of influenza should be encouraged

(through health messaging) to stay at home, institute respiratory etiquette (cover coughs

and sneezes or cough/sneeze into sleeve) and hand hygiene, and restrict close contact

(within approximately 1m) with others as much as possible.

_ Home confinement of ill people in crowded settings may not be practicable. However,

restricting contact with others should be encouraged as much as possible.

_ Adequate supervision within the household of the ill person should be ensured with

preferably only one caregiver to limit potential exposure.

_ Patients and caregivers should be trained to wear and dispose of masks during the

infectious period of the patient, if supplies are available. Where supplies are limited, it is

more important in the home that the patient wears the mask than the caregiver. The mask

need not be worn all day and only when close contact (within approximately 1m) with the

caregiver or others is anticipated. Masks should be disposed of safely if wet with

secretions. Tightly-fitting scarves or a reusable mask made of cloth covering the mouth

and nose could be used if masks are unavailable. They should be changed if wet and

washed with soap and water.

_ If enough masks are available, caregivers should also use them to cover their mouth and

nose when in close contact with ill persons.

_ The caregiver should always wash hands after patient contact.

_ General support and advice should be given to caregivers on the use of antipyretics

(acetylsalicylic acid should be avoided in children), oral fluids, nutrition and bed rest.

_ Instructions must be provided on the use of antibiotics (if necessary) for bacterial

complications of influenza when prescribed.

_ Instructions for further care in case of deterioration (if capacity exists) should be given (i.e.

when there are symptoms of severe illness or dehydration – see guidance note below).

_ Those who have recovered are no longer infectious and can be considered immune

(usually 2–3 weeks after the onset of illness).

_ Proper respiratory etiquette and hand hygiene must be promoted for all household

members.

4

_ Keep windows open and allow ventilation of the room/tent.

_ Household surfaces should be cleaned regularly with soap and water or disinfectant.

GUIDANCE NOTE

Referral to health-care facilities

_ The majority of influenza cases may be cared for at home with the simple

supportive care outlined above.

_ However, if there is deterioration or severe symptoms, then patients may

need to access a health-care facility.

_ These symptoms may include: weakness/not able to stand, lethargy,

unconsciousness, convulsions, very difficult/obstructed breathing or

shortness of breath, inability to drink fluids and dehydration, high fever.

_ It is important that specific instructions are provided according to the local

context.

3. Protection of staff

Rigorous attention to Standard Precautions (basic measures to minimize direct unprotected exposure

to blood and body fluids) and Droplet Precautions (medical masks when close to patients with

respiratory symptoms) is required to reduce the opportunities for transmission in the health-care

setting. Mechanisms for procuring (and/or stockpiling) antibiotics, PPE, antiviral medicines and

vaccines (when/if available) should be considered, with protocols and prioritization for their use.

Priority recipients will include those involved in direct clinical contact with patients, and

those staff required to maintain essential functions who anticipate close contact with

potentially ill people.

Source control (i.e. of the ill person) is crucial, as this can prevent opportunities for

transmission; the patient must be encouraged at all times to cough/sneeze into a

tissue/cloth or into their sleeve and to practice frequent hand hygiene.

Masks

Use of masks should be prioritized to ensure that those at highest risk of exposure have access to

available protection. Masks do not have to be worn at all times as they may become uncomfortable,

particularly in hot climates. They should be worn as a priority by health-care workers and caregivers,

and other essential staff when in close contact (within approximately 1m) with sick patients.

Antibiotics and antivirals

Antibiotics. Consideration should be given to stockpiling quantities of antibiotics sufficient to treat

secondary bacterial pneumonia in at least 5–10% of total staff and dependents.

Antivirals. If feasible and where quantities are available, agencies should stockpile sufficient

oseltamivir to provide treatment of ill staff and post-exposure prophylaxis of essential staff.

Self-monitoring

Health staff should monitor their temperatures twice daily. Fevers should be reported and the staff

member should confine themselves at home. If a staff member becomes unwell, treatment with

antivirals as well as supportive care as for other patients should be provided at home by a caregiver